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There is a long-running false narrative of “full validating nodes.” The dishonesty that has been sold as a truth is that running the Bitcoin node software while not mining matters in any way to...

In the common law, many individual fact-based decisions are set as predicates. No, not these. To many, it ends up making it seem as if Bitcoin and automated smart contracts could be a way of...

The US Howey case used the Expectation of Profit as an element in International Brotherhood of Teamsters vs Daniel. Daniel involved contributions by employers into a non-contributory pension plan,...

Coins remain legal tender without having an economic basis in specie. They hence, as with paper notes, rest on the fiat declaration of a sovereign in the vast majority of existing states (if not...

The issue of “private blockchains” comes to a purely economic outcome. The issue of public vs private is, and has always been one of setting the correct controls. An encrypted session is more...

On confirmation, the recipient faces minimal, if any, ongoing risk of fraud from the transferer (Alice, A). There remains an ever diminishing risk of a block re-org resulting in a lost...

For more details see the following link: CRYPTOGRAPHIC METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR SECURE EXTRACTION OF DATA FROM A BLOCKCHAIN Executive Summary This white paper defines a blockchain-based service for...

The lie of anarchy and the true value in Bitcoin Many have thought that Bitcoin was in some manner designed to promote anarchy and a stateless society; that concept cannot be further from the...

Ledger space in a sound, immutable ledger is a commodity. It has value. The trouble is that many think they can create something new, that Bitcoin is a new form of money. It is not.   Money exists...

Bitcoin has a remarkably simple yet robust privacy model at scale. Section 10 of the white paper details the privacy model in what I thought was a remarkably simple manner. That said, most people...